VINTAGE OWNER'S MANUALS, SERVICE MANUALS, BROCHURES AND PUBLICATIONS
Welcome to Automatic Ephemera, an independent organization/library for historical research and education, sharing public domain documents relating to vintage products.
Please search through our database, we have hundreds of available documents...
Here are the 25 most recent documents added to the library...
| Add High-Res Download to Cart |
Click Thumbnail for More Information | Title and Description |
Product | Year | # of Pages | File Size |
Download Fee |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1976 Kenmore Washer Service Manual
Retail generic service manual covering all Kenmore washers both full size and portable models. Sections include: Predelivery Requirements
Installation Procedure
Moving Preparations Component Description & Service Procedures: Water System Mechanical System Electrical System Cycle of Operation Compact Washers Troubleshooting Charts Wiring Terminal Designation Wiring Diagrams and how to read them Lubrication Instructions Sample Parts List |
Automatic Washers Published by: Kenmore |
1976 | 84 | 93mb | $14.99 Introductory Price of $3.99 ends in: 4 days |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Classroom Textbook on Servicing Electric Ranges
Originally written in 1963 and updated in 1972 these were classroom textbooks for learning how to repair electrical appliances. A fascinating look at how appliance repair was taught and a great primer to learn how to repair vintage electric ranges. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: NRI |
1972 | 68 | 109mb | $14.99 Introductory Price of $3.99 ends in: 4 days |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Facts About Your New Mixer
Full owners manual and use/care guide to all triple-beat GE stand mixers from the 1950's. |
Small Appliances Published by: General Electric |
1955 | 48 | 23mb | $11.99 Introductory Price of $3.99 ends in: 4 days |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1964-1969 Whirlpool Dishwasher Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to all Whirlpool made dishwashers from 1964-1969. Full specifications and historical design changes for each model, complete troubleshooting, service procedure information and wiring schematics. Models include: SLU-70, SLU-76, SLU-80, SLU-82, SLU-90, SCL-95, SLC-100, SLC-200, SLC-300, SPU-68, SPU-70, SPU-80, SPU-90, SPC-100, SPC-200, SPC-300, SRC-60, SCR-70, SRC-80, SRC-90, SRU-60, SRU-70, SRU-80, SRU-85, SRU-90, SSU-70, SSU-80, SSU-85, SSU-90, SSU-100, SSF-60, SSF-70, SSF-80, SSF-90, SSF-100, STU-70, STU-80, STU-90, STU-100, STF-60, STF-70, STF-80, STF-90, STF-100 |
Dishwashers Published by: Whirlpool |
1969 | 155 | 192mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1947 General Electric Ranges Owners Manual
Here is the complete owner's manual and use/care guide to all 1947 General Electric freestanding electric ranges. Models included:
Stratoliner: DDI-47
Airliner: CDI-47 Leader: CTI-47 |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: General Electric |
1947 | 56 | 74mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
How to Use Your Cuisinart Food Processor
Complete owner's manual to one of the earliest Cuisinart Food Processers ever produced. Model CFP-5A which ran from 1973-1976. Manual includes suggested recipes at end. |
Small Appliances Published by: Cuisinart |
1973 | 68 | 42mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1961 General Electric Commercial Washer and Dryer Service Manual
Here is the service manual for the newly redesigned perforated tub commercial washers from GE. GE commercial dryers are also highlighted in part 2 of the manual. Models include:
WC470V, WC472V, WC474V, WC475V, & WC477V WASHERS
MODEL DC380V & DC382V DRYERS |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: General Electric |
1961 | 60 | 78mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1974 Westinghouse Tumbler Washer and Dryer Use and Care Guides
Complete use and care guide to front loading Westinghouse washer model: LT100P and dryer: DE100P (electric)/ DG100P (gas) |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Westinghouse |
1974 | 8 | 9mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1961 General Electric Built-in Cooking Appliances Users Manual
Here is the owners manual and use/care guide to GE built-in ovens and cooktops from the early 1960's. Models include: J820, J822, J824, J620, J630, J624, J634, J802, J902, J904, J900, J810, J812, J814, J880, J882, J884, J850, J852, J854 J710, J720, J750, J730, J780, J810, J820, J850, J880, J900, J620, J630, J712, J722, J752, J732, J782, J812, J822, J852, J882, J902, J624, J634, J714, J724, J754, J784, J802, J814, J824, J854, J884, J904 |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: General Electric |
1961 | 36 | 44mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1957-1965 Kenmore Combination Washer-Dryer Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to all Sears Kenmore Combination Washer/Dryers from 1957 to 1965. Both 30" and 27" machines are highlighted. Highlighted Models include: 110.57105100, 110.5710700, 110.5810100, 110.5810500, 110.5809500, 110.5810800, 110.5809800, 110.5810950, 110.5809950, 110.5810100, 110.5910500, 110.5909500, 110.5910900, 110.5910950, 110.5909900, 110.5909950, 110.6110800, 110.6109800, 110.6309800, 110.6310800, 110.6509900, 110.6510900, 110.6110800-801~802, 110.6109800-801-802, 110.6109500, 110.6110500, 110.6109100, 110.6110100. Other models numbers not specifically listed above from 1957-1965 range are also included/valid in this manual. |
Combination Washer/Dryers Published by: Kenmore |
1965 | 0 | 165mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
KitchenAid 15 Series Top Loading Portable Dishwasher Owners Manual
Here is the complete owners manual and operating instruction for all 15 series top loading KitchenAid portable dishwashers. Models include:
variCycle: KD-5, KDA-5, KDW-5,
Electra: KDY-5, KDE-5, KDC-5. |
Dishwashers Published by: KitchenAid |
1964 | 16 | $11.99 | |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1937 Westinghouse Worlds Fair Dishwasher Parts Catalog
Here is a fascinating document showing the first two dishwashers Westinghouse dishwashers ever. This includes the very first front loading home dishwasher. The front loading machine was demonstrated heavily at 1939-1940 World's Fair in NYC. This document is an important piece of appliance history. |
Dishwashers Published by: Westinghouse |
1937 | 12 | 18mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
The Inside Story of the Tumbler Washer
Here is an issue of the Westinghouse Service Beacon that highlights the internal workings of the Westinghouse 3-Belt automatic washer. It covers in depth how exactly the washer drives both tumble wash and spin as well as adjustments to make to keep the washer running properly. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Westinghouse |
1972 | 12 | 16mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Westinghouse Appliances For Home Planning
Here is a sales literature brochure highlighting the 1959 line of Westinghouse Appliances for the home. Products include: Refrigerators Freezers
Built-in Ovens and Cooktops
Freestanding Ranges Dishwashers Disposers Laundry Twins Automatic Washers and Dryers Combination Washer/Dryer Air-Conditioners Metal and Wood Westinghouse Cabinets |
Full Catalog Published by: Westinghouse |
1959 | 16 | 49mb | $9.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1980 Frigidaire Parts and Accessory Catalog
This is the last Parts catalog produced by General Motors/Frigidaire before the Frigidaire division was sold off to WCI in 1980. This has the final replacement part numbers for GM/Frigidaire parts as some of the earlier part numbers were consolidated into updated replacement part numbers. It is the complete parts listings of all major serviceable parts for all post-war Frigidaire Major Appliances through 1979. Full listings of major parts and their part number is included. Ranges 1946-1979
Refrigerators 1946-1979
Washers 1947-1979 (including 1-18 and Laundry Center models) Dryers 1952-1979 Dishwashers 1955-1979 Air Conditioners 1947-1979 Plus accessories for all appliances. Having the manufacturers part number for the part you need is essential for doing internet/eBay searches to locate these rare, no longer available parts. In many circumstances they can be found once you know the part number. This guide is essential for anyone who has any vintage Frigidaire appliance. |
Full Catalog Published by: Frigidaire |
1980 | 228 | 177mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1957 Maytag Highlander Washer Service Manual
Here is the very first service manual Maytag produced when they introduced their newly designed Helical-Drive washer. Models include: 123, 123S. Supplements at end introduce models 131, 131S, 141 and 141S. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Maytag |
1957 | 74 | 105mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1951 Frigidaire Washer-Dryer-Ironer Brochures
Here are some absolutely beautifully illustrated brochures for Frigidaire Laundry Appliances from the early 1950's. Models include: WO-65 (washer), TR-60 Hamilton made electric dryer and IO-30 Ironer. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Frigidaire |
1951 | 20 | 55mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Whirlpool-Kenmore Laundry Repair Parts Reference Catalog
This huge 324 page book is essential for anyone who collects and restore vintage Whirlpool or Kenmore automatic washers and dryers. It has parts breakdown charts and part numbers for all important parts for Whirlpool and Kenmore laundry equipment going back to the 1940s. Having the manufacturers original part number for the part you need is essential for doing internet/eBay searches to locate these rare, no longer available parts. In many circumstances they can be found once you know the part number. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Whirlpool |
1997 | 324 | 133mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1961-1973 General Electric Perforated Tub Automatic Washer Technical and Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive 407 page Technical and Service manual to all GE automatic washers with the Perforated Tub and Filter-Flo made from 1961 through 1973. A great reference and a must for any GE washer collector. |
Automatic Washers Published by: General Electric |
1973 | 407 | 146mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1965-1977 GE Automatic Washer Parts Catalog
An important document to have for any GE washer collector is this full catalog showing parts diagrams and part numbers of almost all GE washers produced from 1965-1977. Having the manufacturers original part number for the part you need is essential for doing internet/eBay searches to locate these rare, no longer available parts. In many circumstances they can be found once you know the part number. |
Automatic Washers Published by: General Electric |
1977 | 422 | 142mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1953 Bendix Duomatic Washer-Dryer Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to the very first combination washer-dryer ever produced. Full features, troubleshooting and service information included. Model: CCR |
Combination Washer/Dryers Published by: Bendix |
1953 | 102 | 35mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1950-1951 Frigidaire Range Sales Literature Brochure
Here is an absolutely beautifully illustrated Frigidaire range book highlighting the 1950/1951 O-Line models of Frigidaire ranges. Full feature descriptions and images of all ranges Frigidaire ranges available in the early 1950's. 58 pages scanned at high resolution for a beautiful document. Models include: RO-70, RO-60, RO-50, RO-40, RO-20, RO-10, RO-35, RO-30, RM-3 and RM-4. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Frigidaire |
1951 | 58 | 164mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1968-1972 Hotpoint Automatic Washer Technical and Service Manual
Here is the complete technical and service information binder for all solid-tub Hotpoint automatic washers from the late 1960s thru the end of this design in 1973. A in-depth look at the Hotpoint Duo-Tub system is included. Models highlighted: WLW1020L WLW11OOL WLW11OOL WLW1600L WLW1600L WLW1600U WLW1600U WLW1630L WLW1630L WLW1630U WLW2020L WLW2020L WLW2100L WLW2400L WLW2400U WLW2600L WLW2600U WLW2600U WLW2600U WLW2620L WLW2620L WLW2620L WLW2620U WLW2620U WLW2625U WLW2630L WLW2630L WLW2630L WLW2630U WLW2630U WLW4800L WLW4800L WLW480SL WLW4820L WLW4820L WLW4830L WLW4830L WLW4900L WLW4900L WLW4950L WLW5000L WLW5000L |
Automatic Washers Published by: Hotpoint |
1973 | 163 | 56mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1985 General Electric Built-In Dishwasher Brochures
Here are some brochures by GE for their mid 1980s dishwashers. Images and specifications included. Models include:
GSD2800D
GSD2600D GSD2200D GSD900D GSD600D GSD400D |
Dishwashers Published by: General Electric |
1985 | 10 | 8mb | $9.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
GM Engineering Journal - The Frigidaire Rollermatic Washer
Here is a fascinating look at the design and implementation of the Frigidaire Rollermatic washer. 13 pages of this issue are dedicated to the design, testing and development of one of Frigidaire's longest lasting washer transmission. Other articles include:
How the Loudness of Sound is Determined When Evaluating Electric
Absorption Spectroscopic Analyses of Rubber Materials Short Range Telemetry System Provides Test Data on Rotating Parts Patent Searching |
Trade Publications Published by: Frigidaire |
1965 | 44 | 44mb | $12.99 |
|
25 Random Items from the Library | |||||||
| Add High-Res Download to Cart |
Click Thumbnail for More Information | Title and Description |
Product | Year | # of Pages | File Size |
Download Fee |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
D&M - Design and Manufacturing Dishwasher Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to all D&M made dishwashers from the early models through the 1980s. |
Dishwashers Published by: Design and Manufacturing |
1978 | 83 | 36mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1989 Maytag Washers and Dryers
Dated January 1989 this brochure highlights the entire line of Maytag Automatic Washers and Dryers, full descriptions, specifications and images with full control panel views. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Maytag |
1989 | 12 | 9mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Philco Automagic Washer - Designed to launder everything in your family wash ... Automatically
Here is the complete owners manual and operating instructions that were packed with ever 1959 Philco "Automagic" Top-Loading Washer. Models include W-298, W-296, W-292. This is the first year Philco introduced their famous "High-Frequency" wobbling agitator washers. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Philco |
1959 | 44 | 18mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1956 General Electric Wall Refrigerator Owners Manual
Here is the complete owners manual and use/care guide to General Electric wall mount refrigerator model LW-11N. |
Refrigerators/Freezers Published by: General Electric |
1956 | 16 | $14.99 | |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Marquette Mangle Ironer Brochure
Brochures for the Gambles cabinet ironer. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Marquette (Gambles Stores) |
1953 | 2 | 4mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Let's Get Acquainted with your Hotpoint Electric Range
Full owners manual for all '56 30" and 39/40" Hotpoint ranges. Sections on Top of the Range, Thrift Cooker, Calrod Golden Fryer, Golden Griddle, Automatic Oven, Hi-Speed Broiler, Roto-Grill and tested recepies for each of those sections of the range. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Hotpoint |
1956 | 84 | 53mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Wonderful 1958 Maytag Automatic Washer Brochures
Beautiful brochures highlighting Maytag's '58 line of automatic washing machines. Full images and specifications for each model. Models include: 142S, 142, 132S, 132, 124S and 124. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Maytag |
1958 | 10 | 15mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
KitchenAid 7 Series Top Loading Portable Dishwasher Owners Manual
Complete owners manuals and operating instructions to all 7 series KitchenAid Top Loading automatic dishwashers from the mid 1970s. Models include the Electra KDC-7 and the Vari-Cycle models KDA-7 and KDW-7. |
Dishwashers Published by: KitchenAid |
1972 | 16 | 11mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1987 Maytag Jetclean Dishwashers and Food Waste Disposers
Here is a wonderful brochure showing all all of Maytag's great late 1980's dishwashers. Full images and specifications included. |
Dishwashers Published by: Maytag |
1987 | 8 | 15mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Appliance Manufacturer Magazine - July 1957
Appliance Manufacturer is a fun magazine to read for any collector or enthusiast of vintage appliances, electronics and other vintage home products. This highly entertaining magazine covered the design and manufacturing areas of Major Appliances, Small Appliances, Small Electrics, Radios, Televisions and other electric home products from the mid-20th century. Of particular interest: Very cool article on GM Frigidaire appliance designers and how they work together in an atmosphere of creativeness. Maytag introduces their Halo-of-Heat dryer. GE Kitchen Center wins awards for GE designers and engineers. Surprising number of new appliances at Chicago Summer Market show. |
Trade Publications Published by: Appliance Manufacturer |
1957 | 106 | 140mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Carefree Washing the Frigidaire Automatic Way
Here is the complete owners manual and operating instructions that was packed in Frigidaire's 2nd generation of its very first automatic washer, model WK-60. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Frigidaire |
1948 | 52 | 17mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Apex Wash-a-Matic Service Manual Parts List
Here is a manual concentrating on the parts breakdown and disassembly/reassembly of the Apex Wash-a-Matic 3000 series drive mechanism. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Apex |
1952 | 6 | 2mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
General Electric Automatic Washer Service Manual
Here is a comprehensive service manual for all belt-drive GE Washers, starting from the first Filter-Flo models all the way up to end in 1995. Great information on both troubleshooting issues as well as disassembly and replacement of parts. Full section on complete transmission rebuilding as well. Also includes a section on how to test and fix the Versatronic clutch system! The end of the file has a section dedicated to the Japanese made portable GE Impeller washers from the 1970's. |
Automatic Washers Published by: General Electric |
1980 | 100 | 68mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
KitchenAid 5 Series Top Loading Portable Dishwasher Service Manual
Comprehensive service manual for all 5 Series KitchenAid top loading dishwashers. Models include Vari-Cycle: KD-5, KDA-5, KDW-5 and Electra: KDY-5, KDE-5, KDC-5. Sections include General Information, Cycle Description, Servicing Instructions, Service Tips, Schematic Wiring, Timer Sequence Charts. |
Dishwashers Published by: KitchenAid |
1967 | 52 | 25mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1956 Hotpoint Refrigerator-Freezer Owners Manual
The complete owners manual/use and care guide to all 1956 Hotpoint Refrigerator-Freezers. |
Refrigerators/Freezers Published by: Hotpoint |
1956 | 68 | 74mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1958 Frigidaire Ultra-Clean Washer Tech-Talk Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to all 1958 Frigidaire automatic washing machines, both the Unimatic and Pulsamatic styles. Models include WCIR-58, WCI-58, WI-58, WDP-58, WD-58 and WD-58. Includes complete in-depth specifications for all models, cycle charts, service instructions and complete Unimatic and Pulsamatic rebuilding instructions. 1958 was the last year Frigidiare produced their Unimatic and Pulsamatic washers for the home. The next model year in 1959 Frigidaire introduced their Multimatic washer. Frigidaire did continue to produced the Unimatic washer until 1964 but this was for coin-operated laundries only. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Frigidaire |
1958 | 76 | 54mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Maytag AMP Washer Sales Brochure
When Maytag first introduced their automatic washer in 1949 they produced this beautiful large 8.5" x 11" brochure. The Maytag AMP design was used until 1958 when the dependable Helical Drive design was introduced. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Maytag |
1949 | 17 | 24mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1966 Kenmore Automatic Washer and Dryer Models
Service supplement showing all of the 1966 Kenmore washer and dryer models along with a description of features for each machine. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Kenmore |
1966 | 17 | 10mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Apex Wash-A-Matic 3000 Series Service Manual
Service manual for servicing the early Apex Wash-a-Matic automatic washers. Sections include: Details of Wash-A-Matic, Tools, Diaphragm and Drive Mechanism, Bearing Housing Drive Yoke and Counter Weight Assembly, Timer, Mixing Valve and Temperature Control, Pilot Valve, Balancing Valve and Diaphragm, Light Socket and Switch Box Assembly, Complaints-Causes and Remedy, Wiring Diagram, Changing Motor and Belt, Dismantling and Re-Assembling. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Apex |
1949 | 32 | 18mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Sunbeam Mixmaster Service Manual
Comprehensive service manual for Mixmasters models 10, 11 and 12. Includes general information, operating principles, wiring diagram, complete service information and complete parts list including part numbers. Having the manufacturers part number for the part you need is essential for doing internet/eBay searches to locate these rare, no longer available parts. In many circumstances they can be found once you know the part number. This manual is essential for anyone who has a vintage Sunbeam Mixmaster. |
Small Appliances Published by: Sunbeam |
1958 | 24 | 14mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1962 to 1974 General Electric Refrigerator-Freezer Service Manual
Here is the complete and comprehensive service manual to all model GE refrigerator/freezer combinations. Model series include: TBF, TCF, TDF, TFF. Major Sections include (with sub-sections): General, Cabinet Service, Electrical Parts, Diagnosis, Ice Maker, Custom Dispenser, Safety Practices. |
Refrigerators/Freezers Published by: General Electric |
1974 | 278 | 103mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1980 Jenn-Air Electric Range Brochure
Here is a brochure highlighting the cooking products of Jenn-Air. Built-in, cooktops and free-standing ranges included. Images and full specifications included on each product. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Jenn-Air |
1980 | 4 | 5mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Westinghouse Home Laundry Demonstration Guide
Here is a fascinating guide to show dealers and service personnel how to demonstrate Westinghouse Laundry equipment to new owners. Demonstrations include the Westinghouse Laundromat (front-loading washers), Agitator Washers (top-loading Westinghouse washers produced by Easy), Electric Dryers and Wash-n-Dry Laundromat (Combination washer-dryers). Data includes full cycle chart for all of the machines! |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Westinghouse |
1962 | 24 | 19mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Carefree Washing the GE Way
Full owners manual and operating instructions to the 1954 GE Automatic Washers. |
Automatic Washers Published by: General Electric |
1954 | 39 | 12mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Whirlpool New Yorker Washer Brochure
Brochure and spec sheet the 24" Whirlpool washer known as the "New Yorker" |
Automatic Washers Published by: Whirlpool |
1957 | 4 | 7mb | $8.99 |
For license and copyright information related to these materials please click here.
Please note that all publications presented here at Automatic Ephemera are on average between 35 and 85 years old. This information is presented as a educational/historical reference on vintage products of the past. Any trademarks or brand names appearing on this site are for nominative use to accurately describe the content contained in these publications. The associated trademarks are the sole property of their registered owners as there is no affiliation between Automatic Ephemera and these companies. No connection to or endorsement by the trademark owners is to be construed.
Please note that all publications presented here at Automatic Ephemera are on average between 35 and 85 years old. This information is presented as a educational/historical reference on vintage products of the past. Any trademarks or brand names appearing on this site are for nominative use to accurately describe the content contained in these publications. The associated trademarks are the sole property of their registered owners as there is no affiliation between Automatic Ephemera and these companies. No connection to or endorsement by the trademark owners is to be construed.