VINTAGE OWNER'S MANUALS, SERVICE MANUALS, BROCHURES AND PUBLICATIONS
Welcome to Automatic Ephemera, an independent organization/library for historical research and education, sharing public domain documents relating to vintage products.
Please search through our database, we have hundreds of available documents...
Here are the 25 most recent documents added to the library...
| Add High-Res Download to Cart |
Click Thumbnail for More Information | Title and Description |
Product | Year | # of Pages | File Size |
Download Fee |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1961-1973 General Electric Perforated Tub Automatic Washer Technical and Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive 407 page Technical and Service manual to all GE automatic washers with the Perforated Tub and Filter-Flo made from 1961 through 1973. A great reference and a must for any GE washer collector. |
Automatic Washers Published by: General Electric |
1973 | 407 | 146mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1965-1977 GE Automatic Washer Parts Catalog
An important document to have for any GE washer collector is this full catalog showing parts diagrams and part numbers of almost all GE washers produced from 1965-1977. Having the manufacturers original part number for the part you need is essential for doing internet/eBay searches to locate these rare, no longer available parts. In many circumstances they can be found once you know the part number. |
Automatic Washers Published by: General Electric |
1977 | 422 | 142mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1953 Bendix Duomatic Washer-Dryer Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to the very first combination washer-dryer ever produced. Full features, troubleshooting and service information included. Model: CCR |
Combination Washer/Dryers Published by: Bendix |
1953 | 102 | 35mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1950-1951 Frigidaire Range Sales Literature Brochure
Here is an absolutely beautifully illustrated Frigidaire range book highlighting the 1950/1951 O-Line models of Frigidaire ranges. Full feature descriptions and images of all ranges Frigidaire ranges available in the early 1950's. 58 pages scanned at high resolution for a beautiful document. Models include: RO-70, RO-60, RO-50, RO-40, RO-20, RO-10, RO-35, RO-30, RM-3 and RM-4. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Frigidaire |
1951 | 58 | 164mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1968-1972 Hotpoint Automatic Washer Technical and Service Manual
Here is the complete technical and service information binder for all solid-tub Hotpoint automatic washers from the late 1960s thru the end of this design in 1973. A in-depth look at the Hotpoint Duo-Tub system is included. Models highlighted: WLW1020L WLW11OOL WLW11OOL WLW1600L WLW1600L WLW1600U WLW1600U WLW1630L WLW1630L WLW1630U WLW2020L WLW2020L WLW2100L WLW2400L WLW2400U WLW2600L WLW2600U WLW2600U WLW2600U WLW2620L WLW2620L WLW2620L WLW2620U WLW2620U WLW2625U WLW2630L WLW2630L WLW2630L WLW2630U WLW2630U WLW4800L WLW4800L WLW480SL WLW4820L WLW4820L WLW4830L WLW4830L WLW4900L WLW4900L WLW4950L WLW5000L WLW5000L |
Automatic Washers Published by: Hotpoint |
1973 | 163 | 56mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1985 General Electric Built-In Dishwasher Brochures
Here are some brochures by GE for their mid 1980s dishwashers. Images and specifications included. Models include:
GSD2800D
GSD2600D GSD2200D GSD900D GSD600D GSD400D |
Dishwashers Published by: General Electric |
1985 | 10 | 8mb | $9.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
GM Engineering Journal - The Frigidaire Rollermatic Washer
Here is a fascinating look at the design and implementation of the Frigidaire Rollermatic washer. 13 pages of this issue are dedicated to the design, testing and development of one of Frigidaire's longest lasting washer transmission. Other articles include:
How the Loudness of Sound is Determined When Evaluating Electric
Absorption Spectroscopic Analyses of Rubber Materials Short Range Telemetry System Provides Test Data on Rotating Parts Patent Searching |
Trade Publications Published by: Frigidaire |
1965 | 44 | 44mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Use and Care Guide for Westinghouse Top Loading Washer LAJ450
Here is the complete Use and Care guide to Westinghouse Automatic Washer LAJ450. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Westinghouse |
1969 | 20 | 16mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1959 Whirlpool Automatic Dishwasher Service Manual
Here is the service manual that includes Whirlpool's very first own dishwasher design. The original Whirlpool dishwashers were D&M models, but Whirlpool introduced their own design of dishwasher in '59 that was of the spray-arm design. Models included in this service manual include: Whirlpool First Spray-Arm Dishwashers: FU60, FU60-1, FU60-2, FU70, FU70-R, FU70-1. Portable Top-Loading D&M Impeller Models: FP20, FP20-1, FP50, FP50-1 |
Dishwashers Published by: Whirlpool |
1959 | 44 | 21mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1966 Westinghouse Builders Catalog
Here is the complete builders catalog showing off Westinghouse products for 1966. Items shown:
Refrigerators
Space King Twins & Freezers Built-in Ovens Continental Ranges & Platforms Free Standing & Slide-in Ranges Built-in Dishwashers Water Heaters Compact Kitchens Food Waste Disposers Heavy Duty Automatic Washers, Electric and Gas Dryers Coin-Operated Washer and Dryer Cabinets for Kitchen and Laundry Commercial Institutional Host Products Type Y Year Round Air Conditioning System Room Air Conditioners Total Comfort System Cooling Heat Pump & Electric Heating Filtering & Dehumidifying Commercial & Residential Lighting Distribution Transformers Elevators Micarta® Countertops |
Full Catalog Published by: Westinghouse |
1966 | 32 | 26mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1959 Hotpoint Automatic Washer Service Manual
Here is the complete service manual to all 1959 Hotpoint Automatic Washers. Models include: W910, LW930, LW950, LW9506, LW970, LW990. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Hotpoint |
1959 | 36 | 67mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1963-1964 Frigidaire Commercial Washer Service Manual
Here is the service manual to the very last Frigidaire washer with the Unimatic transmission. This was a unique machine as it still utilized the Unimatic with the new larger 12lb tub. The 1964 version was also produced with the new Deep-Action agitator. Models include: WCOF and WCOF-LP (LP = "less pump" for the gravity drain model). |
Automatic Washers Published by: Frigidaire |
1963 | 80 | 108mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1949 ABC-O-Matic Automatic Washer Service Manual
Here is the service manual produced by the Altofer Brothers Company for their very first automatic washer, the model 50. |
Automatic Washers Published by: ABC-O-Matic |
1949 | 45 | 39mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1953 General Electric Automatic Washer Service Manual
Here is the service manual for GE's K line of automatic washers. Models include: WA650K1 and WA450K1. |
Automatic Washers Published by: General Electric |
1953 | 35 | 16mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1958 Maytag Commercial Washer and Dryer Service and Parts Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to the very first Maytag coin-operated commercial washers and dryers. Models covered: 123CM, 66CM and 76CM. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Maytag |
1958 | 136 | 175mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1961 Philco Duomatic Owners Manual
Full owners manual packed with every 1961 Philco Duomatic electric combination washer/dryer. Models include: CE-716 and CE-714. |
Combination Washer/Dryers Published by: Philco |
1961 | 56 | 45mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1971 Frigidaire Commercial Washer Service Manual
Here is the first and comprehensive service manual introducing the completely redesigned Frigidaire coin-operated washers. Two models include WCS-M which is the first larger capacity, perforated tub Frigidaire commercial washer rated at 16lb as the fill level was set only to bottom of the last agitator cone. The other model WCDS-M which is the last of the Frigidaire solid tub washers, which is a solid-tub set in the 1/18 outer tub with the 1/18 transmission and suspension system. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Frigidaire |
1971 | 92 | 145mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1995 Frigidaire Laundry Appliances Brochure
Here is a full brochure showing off the WCI made Frigidaire line of automatic washers and dryers from the mid 1990's. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Frigidaire |
1995 | 0 | 41mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1972 Hotpoint Dishwasher Use and Care Guide
Here is the use and care guide to the 1972 line of Hotpoint Dishwashers. |
Dishwashers Published by: Hotpoint |
1972 | 16 | 17mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1958 Hotpoint Automatic Washer Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to all 1958 Hotpoint automatic washers. 1958 was the first year Hotpoint introduced their new Co-Axial transmission. Models include:
10LW40, 10LW43, 10LW44, 10LWS44, 10LW45, 10LWW45 |
Automatic Washers Published by: Hotpoint |
1958 | 40 | 91mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1987 Gibson Washers and Dryers Brochure
Sales literature brochure for the 1987 line of Gibson washers and dryers. Models include:
WASHER: WA28F2WT WA28M2WT WA28M4WT WA28M6WT
DRYER: DE/DG28T3WT DE/DG28ASWT DE/DG28A7WT |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Gibson |
1987 | 8 | 19mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1935-1955 Easy Spin-Dryer Washer Parts Catalog
Here is a fascinating look at the early history of the Easy Spin-Dryer washers from what appears to be the very first model all the way through the mid 1950's. Different wash methods and agitators were designed as well as solid tub and perforated tub spinners. |
Twin Tub Washers Published by: Easy |
1955 | 107 | 78mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1954-1955 Norge Automatic Washer Owners Manual
Here is the complete owners manual and operating instructions to the '54 and '55 line of Norge automatic washers. Models include: AW-450, AW-452, AW-420, AW-410, AW-405 and AW-423. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Norge |
1954 | 33 | 23mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1969 Norge Automatic Washer Owners Manual
Here is the complete Use and Care guide along with the Washing Guide for Norge automatic washer model AWK1820. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Norge |
1969 | 48 | 57mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1949-1950 General Electric Heating Appliances Catalog
Here is a beautifully illistrated catalog showing many of General Electric's small appliances including Triple Beat Mixers, Coffee Makers, Toasters, Irons, Automatic Roasters, Waffle Makers and Sandwich Grills. |
Small Appliances Published by: General Electric |
1949 | 25 | 90mb | $8.99 |
|
25 Random Items from the Library | |||||||
| Add High-Res Download to Cart |
Click Thumbnail for More Information | Title and Description |
Product | Year | # of Pages | File Size |
Download Fee |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Whirlpool Automatic Washer Owners Manuals and Installation Instructions (LKA670-0)
Set of materials packaged with Whirlpool Automatic Washers models LKA670-0 and suds model LKA670-5. Includes operating instructions, installation instructions and The Laundry Primer washing book. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Whirlpool |
1962 | 24 | 24mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1960 Frigidaire Flair Range Tech-Talk Service Manual
Very comprehensive service manual for all 1960 Frigidaire Flair Ranges. Models include: RCIB-645, RCDB-640, RCIB-635 and RCDB-630. Looking for the parts catalog, please see this manual: Frigidaire Flair Parts Catalog Looking for a Use and Care Guide for Frigidaire Flair Ranges? Please see this manual: Frigidaire Flair Owners Manual |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Frigidaire |
1960 | 60 | 58mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Norge Automatic Washer and Dryer Brochures
Here is the entire line of 1974 Norge 20lb pound washers and matching dryers. Brochures contain photos and complete specifications for each model including full control panel displays. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Norge |
1974 | 32 | 30mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1958 Frigidaire Dryer Service Tech-Talk
Full and comprehensive service manual to all 1958 Frigidaire dryers, both Filtrator and Air-Flow. Goes into how the filtrator system works, plus full in-depth specifications and repair information for all models. Models include: DCI-58, DI-58, DDP-58, DD-58, DS-58 |
Clothes Dryers Published by: Frigidaire |
1958 | 32 | 25mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1972 Waste King Dishwashers Brochure
Sales literature brochure higlighting features and specifications for Waste King Dishwashers in the early 1970's. |
Dishwashers Published by: Waste King |
1972 | 6 | 12mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
A Helpful Catalog of Frigidaire Products For the Home
Here is a complete product catalog from General Motors highlighting their 1951 line of Frigidaire major home appliances. Products include:
Refrigerators, Electric Ranges, Automatic Washers, Dryers, Mangle Ironers, Electric Water Heaters, Kitchen Cabinets and Sinks, Room Air Conditioners and Dehumidifiers. |
Full Catalog Published by: Frigidaire |
1951 | 8 | 9mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Hotpoint All Porcelain Washers and Dryers
Brochure highlighting the 1966 Hotpoint line of washers and dryers. Images and specifications included. "First with the features women want most". |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Hotpoint |
1966 | 5 | 9mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Frigidaire Refrigeration Component Diagnosis
Here is a wonderful refrigeration primer for anyone interested in fixing or restoring vintage refrigerators. Manual goes into the full explanations of how to determine if the systems are working perfectly and how to troubleshoot what is wrong if they are somehow not working properly. Sections include:
TABLES
I Capacitor Test Wattage at Various Test Voltages II Designations of Fluorocarbon Refrigerants III Performance Data IV Performance Data V Vapor Pressure, PSIG VI Refrig0Plate Temperatures VII DrierFilter and Compressor Line Connector Kits VIII RAC Typical Capacity Table COMPONENT DIAGNOSIS Forward Safety Procedure on Initial Service Call Refrigeration Performance Complaints Diagnosis Chart Proper Use of VoltWattmeter Proper Use of Compressor Test Cord with Wattmeter RI CompressorElectrical Check Checking Capacitors REFRIGERATION SYSTEM Evaporator Compressor Condenser DrierFilter Precaution Against Using Alcohol in Refrigeration Systems Capillary Line REFRIGERANTS Care and Use of Refrigerant Drums First Aid Treatment PROCEDURE FOR INSTALLING PRESSURE GAUGES Operating Pressure Test Procedure SYSTEM PRESSURES Use of Different Refrigerants One Line of Products vs Another Heat Load Ambient or Room Temperature Condenser Refrigerant Charge Incorrect Refrigerant Charge, Overcharge Incorrect Refrigerant Charge, Shortage Symptoms of a Refrigerant Shortage Restriction Air in the System Inefficient Compressor Refrigerant Oil Burnt Oil Check CYCLAMATIC SYSTEM LEAK TEST PROCEDURE EVACUATION PROCEDURE RECHARGE PROCEDURE COMPONENT REPAIR Precautions O-Ring Fittings Soldering Procedure Solders Soft Solder Hard Solder Making A Joint General (Soldering) Silver Soldering COMPONENT REPLACEMENT OF COMPRESSORS OTHER THAN FRIGIDAIRE RI COMPRESSORS INSTRUCTIONS IN THE USE AND CARE OF THE VALVE CORE ACCESS TOOL ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS Service Diagnosis and Testing Thermostat Analysis Short Cycling Condition Iced Coil Condition Cool Ambient Operation Low Voltage High Voltage Motor Protector Compressor Fan and Blower Alignment Fan Motor Oiling Checking Capacity Component Replacement Component Refrigerant Line Connections Compressor Replacement Evaporator and Condenser Replacement DrierFilter Installation Charging Procedure Leak Test |
Refrigerators/Freezers Published by: Frigidaire |
1973 | 53 | 42mb | $14.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1965 Hotpoint Silhouette 15 Washer and Dryer Brochures
These brochures highlight the Silhouette series of Hotpoint washer and dryers. Abosolutey beautiful brochures to show off absolutely beautiful machines. Detailed images and specifications. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Hotpoint |
1965 | 18 | 36mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Westinghouse Home Laundry Demonstration Guide
Here is a fascinating guide to show dealers and service personnel how to demonstrate Westinghouse Laundry equipment to new owners. Demonstrations include the Westinghouse Laundromat (front-loading washers), Agitator Washers (top-loading Westinghouse washers produced by Easy), Electric Dryers and Wash-n-Dry Laundromat (Combination washer-dryers). Data includes full cycle chart for all of the machines! |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Westinghouse |
1962 | 24 | 19mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Westinghouse Coin Operated Dryer Brochures
Brochures and spec sheet for the 1976 line of Westinghouse commercial dryers. |
Clothes Dryers Published by: Westinghouse |
1976 | 4 | 6mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Appliance Manufacturer Magazine - July 1957
Appliance Manufacturer is a fun magazine to read for any collector or enthusiast of vintage appliances, electronics and other vintage home products. This highly entertaining magazine covered the design and manufacturing areas of Major Appliances, Small Appliances, Small Electrics, Radios, Televisions and other electric home products from the mid-20th century. Of particular interest: Very cool article on GM Frigidaire appliance designers and how they work together in an atmosphere of creativeness. Maytag introduces their Halo-of-Heat dryer. GE Kitchen Center wins awards for GE designers and engineers. Surprising number of new appliances at Chicago Summer Market show. |
Trade Publications Published by: Appliance Manufacturer |
1957 | 106 | 140mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1984 General Electric Dishwashers Brochure
Here is a brochure highlighting the 1984 GE line of undercounter dishwashers. Models include: GSD2800D, GSD1200T, GSD900D, GDS600D and GSD500D. Full images and specifications included. |
Dishwashers Published by: General Electric |
1984 | 8 | 5mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1974 Westinghouse Front Loader Washer Use-Care and Brochure
Here is a double feature, the Use and Care guide along with the complete sales literature brochure to the 1974 Westinghouse Washer model LT570P. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Westinghouse |
1974 | 8 | 14mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Beautiful 1962 Kelvinator Washer Brochures
Here are some wonderful brochures highlighting the 1962 line of Kelvinator Automatic Washers. Full images, control panel view for top of the line model and specifications for each model include. Models highlighted: W-942DD, W-982DD, W-742D, W-782D, W-502, W-522, W-552, W-572 and W-302. Kelvinator has used the name "Golden Touch" to describe its remarkable and exclusive agitator action which combines vigorous water turbulence with gentle handling of clothes to produce the cleanest washing available to the modern housewife. The Kelvinator agitator moves with an eccentric motion in one direction only, as 180 scientifically placed holes in the agitator create thousands of jets of sudsy water per minute. This combination of one-direction agitator motion and water-jet turbulence produces the tremendous agitator action we call the "Golden Touch." |
Automatic Washers Published by: Kelvinator |
1962 | 10 | 14mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1967 Sears Kenmore Automatic Roto-Rack Dishwasher Owners Manual
Here is the complete owners manual to all 1967 Front Loading Portable Kenmore Roto-rack dishwashers. Models included: 587.71091, 587.71111 and 587.71131 |
Dishwashers Published by: Kenmore |
1967 | 21 | 19mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Westinghouse Comprehensive Part Number Guide
Here is a wonderful guide for anyone with vintage Westinghouse laundry equipment. It has many images and diagrams of all the major parts as well as the part numbers for vintage Westinghouse automatic washers and dryers from 1946 thru 1962. Having the right part numbers will make searches much easier. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Westinghouse |
1962 | 30 | 17mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Operating Instructions and The Basic Dryer Book
Owners Manual, Operating Instructions, Installation Instructions for Whirlpool top of the line Imperial Mark XII dryers Models LPE 992-0-9 and LPI 992-1-9. |
Clothes Dryers Published by: Whirlpool |
1966 | 16 | 17mb | $11.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
How to Use and Enjoy your Frigidaire Electric Range - with the Wonder Oven
Here is the full owners manual to the top of the line Frigidaire ranges from 1952 though 1954. Models include RO-60 and RO-50. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Frigidaire |
1952 | 60 | 43mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1958 GM Frigidaire 40 and 30 inch Electric Range Line Brochures
Absolutely wonderful brochures highlighting General Motors/Frigidaire line of 40" and 30" electric ranges. Beautiful illustrations and complete specifications. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Frigidaire |
1958 | 18 | 27mb | $9.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Welbilt Gas and Electric Ranges plus Under-Counter Dishwashers Brochure
Here is a sales literature brochure from Welbilt highlighting their line of gas and electric ranges plus their line of dishwashers in the mid 1980s. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Welbilt |
1984 | 8 | 9mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1960 Westinghouse Top-Freezer Refrigerator Brochures
Here are some wonderful brochures highlighting the 1960 line of Westinghouse Refrigerator-Freezers. Models include: Custom Deluxe RDA-13, Deluxe REA-13, Supreme RJA-12, Diplomat RLA-13, Premier RLA-11, RMA-11, Embassy RLA-09 and RMA-09. |
Refrigerators/Freezers Published by: Westinghouse |
1960 | 18 | 16mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Silver Anniversary of the First Maytag Automatic
"In 1949 the first Maytag automatic washers rolled down the lines at Maytag's brand new Plant 2 in Newton, IA. On these pages we take a nostalgic look at what those 25 years have wrought -- in product, in place facilities, in employees and in dealers." |
Automatic Washers Published by: Maytag |
1974 | 4 | 3mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1948 General Electric Automatic Washer Brochures
Here are some beautiful brochures for the 1948 line of General Electric automatic washers. The is the 2nd line models of automatic washers produced. The AW6 from 1947-1950 line featured an 1140rpm spin! These rare brochures have been saved at 600dpi for extra crispness. |
Automatic Washers Published by: General Electric |
1948 | 4 | 27mb | $8.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
GE Dishwasher GSD452 Use and Care Guide
Here is the complete Use and Care Guide packed with every GE GSD452 model dishwasher from the late 1970s. |
Dishwashers Published by: General Electric |
1978 | 4 | 5mb | $11.99 |
For license and copyright information related to these materials please click here.
Please note that all publications presented here at Automatic Ephemera are on average between 35 and 85 years old. This information is presented as a educational/historical reference on vintage products of the past. Any trademarks or brand names appearing on this site are for nominative use to accurately describe the content contained in these publications. The associated trademarks are the sole property of their registered owners as there is no affiliation between Automatic Ephemera and these companies. No connection to or endorsement by the trademark owners is to be construed.
Please note that all publications presented here at Automatic Ephemera are on average between 35 and 85 years old. This information is presented as a educational/historical reference on vintage products of the past. Any trademarks or brand names appearing on this site are for nominative use to accurately describe the content contained in these publications. The associated trademarks are the sole property of their registered owners as there is no affiliation between Automatic Ephemera and these companies. No connection to or endorsement by the trademark owners is to be construed.