VINTAGE OWNER'S MANUALS, SERVICE MANUALS, BROCHURES AND PUBLICATIONS
Welcome to Automatic Ephemera, an independent organization/library for historical research and education, sharing public domain documents relating to vintage products.
Please search through our database, we have hundreds of available documents...
Here are the 25 most recent documents added to the library...
| Add High-Res Download to Cart |
Click Thumbnail for More Information | Title and Description |
Product | Year | # of Pages | File Size |
Download Fee |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Hoover Comprehensive Vacuum Cleaner Parts Catalog
Here is an extensive collection of parts diagrams with descriptions of the parts and part numbers for many years of Hoover vacuums. Having the manufacturers part number for the part you need is essential for doing internet/eBay searches to locate these rare, no longer available parts. In many circumstances they can be found once you know the part number. This guide is essential for anyone who has vintage Hoover vacuum cleaners. Models included in this catalog include: 12/14 28 29 31/32/33/34/35/36 41/42/50/51/53/55 61 62/63/64 65/66/67/68/69/70 82/84/84B/85/86/87/88 91 115 334 344 348 404/409 415 434/444/454 564/574 584 589/593 634 704/704-01/706/707/714 719/728 843/858 913/913-01 918 1010/1020/1030/1060/ 1070/1076 1100/1110/1118/1120/ 1130/1136/1140/1149/ 1151/1157/1170/1176/ 1178/U6003/U6007 1330/1340/1348 2000/2001/2010/2011/ 2017 2040/2048/S302l/S3023 2100/2110/2120 2200/2201/2204/2208/ 2210/2260/2266 2610/2720/2726 2800 2830/2836 2900/2901/2910/2911 2940 2941/2950 2951/2970 2960/2980/2904 U4001/U4019/U4021/ U4003/U4005/U4007/ U4009 S3001 S3003 S3005 S2003/S2005/S2007 |
Vacuum Cleaners Published by: Hoover |
1973 | 139 | 67mb | $7.99 Introductory Price of $3.99 ends in: 3 days |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1968 Easy Automatic Washer Brochures
Here are beautiful brochures highlighting the 1968 line of Easy automatic washers. There are Hotpoint (Chicago factory made) solid-tub machines. Top-of-line machine has variable speed control! Full specifications and control panel images included for each model. Models include: WA-455, WA-444, WA-423, WA-422, WA-421, WA-411. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Easy |
1968 | 16 | 17mb | $5.99 Introductory Price of $3.99 ends in: 1 day |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1968 Easy Clothes Dryer Brochures
Here are beautiful brochures from Easy showing off their 1968 line of automatic gas and electric dryers. Full control panel images and specifications included. Models include: DE-455, DG455, DE-444, DG-444, DE-423, DG-423, DE-422, DG-422, DE-400. |
Clothes Dryers Published by: Easy |
1968 | 18 | 17mb | $5.99 Introductory Price of $3.99 ends in: 1 day |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1976 KitchenAid Bulit-In Top-of-the-Line Dishwasher Comparison
Now this is super interesting, here is a comparison brochure of the KDS-18 Superba Dishwashers to all other major brands of dishwashers in the mid 1970's. Topics include: Machine Frames, Wash Chambers/Tubs, Motors, Wash Arms and Systems, Filtration, Drying methods, Fill and Drain systems, Loading/Racks, Weight. |
Dishwashers Published by: KitchenAid |
1976 | 20 | 9mb | $7.99 Introductory Price of $3.99 ends in: 1 day |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1987 Maytag Washers and Dryers Brochure
Here is a beautiful brochure highlighting the 1987 line of Maytag washers and dryers. Models include: Washers: A712, A612, A512, A412, A312, A212, A112. Dryers: D712, D612, D512, D412, D312, D212. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Maytag |
1987 | 12 | 6mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1969 Maytag Commercial Washer Service Manual
Here is the complete service manual first printed in 1969, with update through 1978 on the 1970's line of Maytag Commercial and Coin-Operated Automatic Washers. This is a fascinating look at the coin-op Maytag washers found throughout the 1970's in laundromats. Both the very common standard capacity washers and the very rare large capacity coin-op models are included! Models A17 (Standard capacity) and A18 (Big-Tub large capacity). |
Automatic Washers Published by: Maytag |
1969 | 108 | 50mb | $7.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1985 Maytag Jetclean Dishwashers Brochure
Here is a beautiful brochure highlighting the 1985 line of Maytag dishwashers and food waste disposers. Models include: Dishwashers: WU1000, WU902, WU702, WU502, WU302, WC702-302, WU202. |
Dishwashers Published by: Maytag |
1987 | 8 | 5mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1957 Speed Queen Automatic Washer Service Manual
Here is the complete service manual for all home models of Speed Queen's automatic washers. Models included: A18, A19, A20 and A20F. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Speed Queen |
1957 | 34 | 16mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1959 Frigidaire Tech-Tips Bulletins
Here is the completed collection of all 1959 Frigidaire Tech-Tips bulletins alerting of product, parts and service changes mid-model year. Also included is one 1957 and one 1958 year bulletin. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Frigidaire |
1959 | 88 | 57mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1967 Kenmore Laundry and Dishwasher Products
Here is a wonderful brochure highlighing the 1967 Line of Sears Kenmore automatic washers, dryers, wringer washers, dishwashers and disposers. Also includes some standard repair parts and utility sinks. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Kenmore |
1967 | 13 | 10mb | $7.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1988 Whirlpool Automatic Washer Use and Care Guide
Full owner's manual to Whirlpool automatic washer model LA8800XT. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Whirlpool |
1988 | 16 | 5mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1968 Montgomery Wards Washers Dryers and Dishwashers
Here is the 1968 line of Montgomery Wards Washers, Dryers and Dishwashers. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Montgomery Wards |
1968 | 6 | 17mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1985 Maytag Stacked Washer and Dryer Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to the Maytag Stacked Washer/Dryer, Model SE1000 and SG1000. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Maytag |
1985 | 116 | 42mb | $7.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Maytag AMP Washer Brochures
Here are some beautiful brochures of early Maytag Automatic Washers. Models include: AMP, A3MP, A4MP, 121P. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Maytag |
1954 | 8 | 5mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1951 Apex Major Appliances Catalog
Here is a full catalog of all Apex Major Appliances. Dishwashers, Sink-Dishwasher combinations, Apex Wash-a-Matic, Apex Gas and Electric Dryers, Apex Fold-a-Matic Ironer. |
Full Catalog Published by: Apex |
1951 | 8 | 8mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1959 General Electric Refrigerator-Freezer Owners Manual
Complete Use and Care guide to 1959 GE Refrigerators. Models include: BH-15P, BH-13P, BH-12P. |
Refrigerators/Freezers Published by: General Electric |
1959 | 16 | 7mb | $7.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1970 Blackstone Automatic Washer Service Manual
Complete service manual to the 1970 line of Blackstone washers. Models include: BA-502, BA-702, BA-902. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Blackstone |
1970 | 37 | 18mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1956 Frigidaire Imperial and Deluxe Automatic Washer Brochures
Here are beautiful brochures from 1956 for Frigidaire's Imperial Unimatic and Deluxe Pulsamatic automatic washers. Full images and specifications are included. Unimatic Imperial Model WI-56
Pulsamatic Deluxe Model WD-56 |
Automatic Washers Published by: Frigidaire |
1956 | 4 | 4mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1955 General Electric Laundry Brochures
1955 was a big year for General Electric laundry appliances. Both the Filter-Flo system was introduced on their top-loading automatic washers as well as their first washer/dryer combo was introduced. These are beautifully illustrated brochures with full specifications included. Models: Washer: WA-750M, Dryer: DA-623M and Washer/Dryer Combo: WD-660M. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: General Electric |
1955 | 12 | 11mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Electrical Merchandising Magazine - June 1953
Electrical Merchandising is a fun magazine to read for any collector or enthusiast of vintage appliances, electronics and other vintage home products. This highly entertaining magazine covered the retail sales and merchandising areas of Major Appliances, Small Appliances, Small Electrics, Radios, Televisions and other electric home products from the mid-20th century. This was the Life and Look Magazine of the appliance world, in the same large size 10x13 format. |
Trade Publications Published by: Electrical Merchandising |
1953 | 210 | 105mb | $12.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1959 General Electric Automatic Washer Brochure
Here is the complete brochure showing off the top of the line 1959 models of the GE automatic washer. Models: WA-9505 and WA-9505S (suds-saver model) |
Automatic Washers Published by: General Electric |
1959 | 4 | 9mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1965 General Electric Washer and Dryer Brochures
Here are beautiful brochures highlighting the 1965 line of GE Washers and Dryers. Images and full specifications for each model included. Models include: WA-1250A, DA-1220A, WA-750A, DA-820A, WA-650A, DA-620A, and the Hi-Speed Gas Dryer: DG-4920A |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: General Electric |
1965 | 14 | 29mb | $7.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1960 General Electric Home Laundry Product Man
1960 General Electric Home Laundry Service Manual covering Automatic Washers, Dryers and Combination Washer/Dryers. GE's Product Man Service Manuals were produced monthly to keep service personnel up to date with new products, appliance specifications, appliance service instructions, troubleshooting procedures, older product repair and parts changes, installation instructions, customer complaints and recommendations, testing procedures, tools for repairs, wiring diagrams, timer charts, appliance history and evolution and other important information regarding their appliances. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: General Electric |
1960 | 48 | 27mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1956 Washer Service Instruction Film Narrative and Service Manual
Here are two complete Kelvinator automatic washer manuals into one .pdf file. The first is the narrative to the "Service Instruction Film-Strip" on Installation and Disassembly. The second part is the complete Service Manual and Parts Guide to all 1956 Kelvinator automatic washers. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Kelvinator |
1956 | 91 | 68mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1976 Frigidaire Dishwasher Service Manual
Here is the comprehensive service manual to all 1976 Frigidaire automatic dishwashers, both built-in and portable models. Models include: DWU-2, DWU-3, DWU-4, DWU-5
DWM-2, DWM-3, DWM-4, DWM-5. |
Dishwashers Published by: Frigidaire |
1976 | 68 | 40mb | $5.99 |
|
25 Random Items from the Library | |||||||
| Add High-Res Download to Cart |
Click Thumbnail for More Information | Title and Description |
Product | Year | # of Pages | File Size |
Download Fee |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1959 General Electric Built-In Oven and Cooktop Range Service Manual and Parts Catalog
Here is the comprehensive service manual and parts catalog (with part numbers) to all 1959 GE Built-in Ovens and Cooktops. S line (1959) models include:
J720S, J722S, J724S, J750S, J752S, J754S, J780S, J782S, J784S, J802S, J820S, J822S, J850S, J852S
Sections include service and information on: CUSTOM COOKTOPS CUSTOM OVENS PARTS CATALOG SECTION DELIVERY DESCRIPTION Custom cooktops Custom ovens DISASSEMBLY AND SERVICE — J802S, J850S, J852S Body Conduit plug Control panel and switch box Cooktop Removing cooktop from countertop. Surface units Surface unit switches Switch box cable DISASSEMBLY AND SERVICE — JS20S AND J822S Body Cooktop Junction box Removing cooktop from countertop. Surface indicator light Surface units Surface unit switches DISASSEMBLY AND SERVICE — CUSTOM OVENS Bake unit Broil unit Broil unit terminal blocks Door trim Front frame Front servicing controls Glass window Indicator lights Meat thermometer Meat thermometer crystal.. Oven door Oven door seal Oven liner Oven light Oven light switch Oven switch Oven thermostats Oven vent Testing meat meter Testing meat probe Thermostat replacement .. Timer Timer crystal Timer operation Rotisserie Rotisserie motor INSTALLATION Custom cooktops Custom ovens J802S J820S1 and J822S1 J850S1 and J852S1 NOMENCLATURE Custom cooktops Custom ovens SERIAL NUMBER Custom cooktops Custom ovens WIRING DIAGRAMS Custom cooktops Custom ovens |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: General Electric |
1959 | 67 | 60mb | $7.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1973 General Electric Dishwasher Use and Care Guide
Complete owners manual from approximately 1973 to GE Dishwasher model SD300-SD370 and portable dishwasher model SC670. |
Dishwashers Published by: General Electric |
1973 | 16 | 12mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
KitchenAid KD-19 Energy Saver IV Dishwasher Service Manual
Comprehensive service manual for all 19 Series KitchenAid dishwashers. Models include KDS-19, KDP-19, KDI-19, KDC-19, KDS-39, KDC-39, KDS-59, KDI-59, KDC-59. Sections include General Information, Cycle Description, Servicing Instructions, Service Tips, Schematic Wiring, Timer Sequence Charts. |
Dishwashers Published by: KitchenAid |
1979 | 51 | 30mb | $7.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1963 Hobart Dishwashing and Food Processing Equipment
Here is a fascinating catalog of restaurant dishwashing and food processing equipment by Hobart. Home dishwashing equipment is also included at the end with the 14 Series KitchenAid dishwashers highlighted. |
Full Catalog Published by: Hobart |
1963 | 12 | 20mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1961 Kenmore Automatic Washer and Dryer Models
Service supplement showing all of the 1961 Kenmore washer and dryer models along with a description of features for each machine. Also mentions the '61 cabinet redesign which stayed with the belt drive washer design to the end. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Kenmore |
1961 | 4 | 3mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
The Facts of Quality
Since their automatic washer introduction in 1949, Whirlpool has always made high-quality automatic washers. In the USA, Whirlpool has produced and sold more automatic washers than any other American manufacturer. Here is the official Whirlpool Fax-Pac book highlighting the 1978 Whirlpool washer, dryer and compact laundry lines. Whirlpool fans this beautiful book is definitely for you. The Fax-Pac series was similiar to Frigidaire's VIP series which was given to appliance dealers to educate them of all the wonderful new features on Whirlpool appliances. Book contains beautiful images, cycle charts, graphics and specifications for all aspects of the belt-drive washer and matching dryers. Complete description and graphics of the Magic Clean filtering system, dispensers, permanent press cool down, construction and dependability and much more. There are also detailed pages on Whirlpool's history and service/education centers. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Whirlpool |
1978 | 40 | 44mb | $5.28 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Westinghouse Double-Load Laundromat Service Manual
Here is the complete service manual to all large capacity front-loading Westinghouse coin-operated Laundromat automatic washers. Models include: LD-20, LDM-20, LD-20-3 and LDM-20-3. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Westinghouse |
1972 | 59 | 32mn | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Norge Dishwashers Brochures
Brochures for the line of Norge dishwashes made by D&M. |
Dishwashers Published by: Norge |
1967 | 12 | 19mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1954 Hotpoint Advertising Guide
Here is Hotpoint's guide for 1954 to their recommended newspaper, magazine and radio advertisements. Highlighted are: Newspaper Mats, Radio Announcements, TV Film Spots, Theater Films, Outdoor Advertising and Product Illustrations. |
Ranges/Stoves Published by: Hotpoint |
1954 | 18 | 17mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Laundry Equipment Electric Motor Service Manual
From the first page: The motor service manual has been prepared by Westinghouse Laundry Service with a threefold purpose. First - to explain the motor thoroughly so you will better understand its operation. Second - to show you how to use this information to diagnose motor failures and third, to make use of the diagnosis by repairing the inoperative motor rather than replacing it. Studies indicate that nearly 70% of all laundry equipment fractional HP motor failures can be repaired (and put back into service in the appliance) on the first call to the customers home. These same studies show that, more often than not, the inoperative motor is replaced rather than repaired and that it requires more than one call to perform the job. This book is not intended to be a one volume course on all fractional horsepower electric motors. Its intent is to help you to better perform your job as it applies to laundry equipment drive, pump and fan motors. Failures that occur on laundry equipment motors and which can economically and profitably be repaired are such parts as terminal boards, end bells, switches, thermoguard and capacitors (when they are used). There are also a number of adjustments that can be made to get the motor back into operation. Sections Include: INDUCTION MOTOR DESCRIPTION TESTING PROCEDURES PARTS REPLACEMENT INTERNAL MOTOR WIRING DIAGRAMS MOTOR CHARTS ORIGINAL PRODUCTION MOTOR NUMBERS vs REPLACEMENT MOTOR NUMBERS |
Automatic Washers Published by: Westinghouse |
1970 | 28 | 18mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Consumer Bulletin Magazine - June 1959
Consumer Bulletin was a highly respected consumer product information magazine from the 1930's onward. It was the main competitor to Consumer Reports from the 1930's through the 1960's. Articles on Products and Ratings in this issue include:
Full discussion and ratings of 17 1959 Vacuum Cleaners
14 Percolators and the Sunbeam Coffeemaster Vacuum coffee maker, 6 failed electrical tests!
Regular Features Include:
|
Trade Publications Published by: Consumer Bulletin |
1959 | 40 | 34mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1957 Spring-Summer Wards Catalog - Appliances
Here are the appliance pages from the spring and summer '57 Wards catalog. Appliances include: Gas Stoves, Electric Ranges, Sewing Machines, Automatic Washers and Dryers, Wringer washers, Ironers, Vacuum Cleaners, Refrigerator/Freezers, Roasters, Mixers, Electric Frypans, Coffee makers, toasters, etc. |
Store Catalog Pages Published by: Montgomery Ward |
1957 | 19 | 31mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1980 Frigidaire Laundry Center Service Manual
In 1980 General Motors had sold their Frigidaire division to White Consolidated Industries. At that time the GM made Agi-Tub Laundry Centers were discontinued and they were redesigned using the Franklin design. This manual covers the new style Laundry Center stacked washer-dryer. Models include: LC-208H, LC-240H and LC-120H. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Frigidaire |
1981 | 53 | 22mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1967 Kenmore Automatic Washer Owners Manual
Here is the complete owners manual to the following 1967 Kenmore washers series: 70, 600, 500, and 400. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Kenmore |
1967 | 36 | 24mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1974 Norge Dishwasher Brochures
Here are some wonderful brochures showing the very rare Norge dishwasher, both built-in and portable models highlighted. Models included: KDU2420A, KDU2430A, KDU2440A, KDU2460A, KDU2480A, KDP2420A, KDP2430A, KDP2450A, KDP2480A. |
Dishwashers Published by: Norge |
1974 | 12 | 7mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Apex Sprial Dasher Agitator automatic washer Service Manual
Very rare service manual showing mechanical details and specifications for Apex's back and forth agitator washer design. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Apex |
1956 | 30 | 15mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1968 Automatic Washer Facts Manual
Speed Queen produced their Facts Manuals to give to dealers and customers information regarding their products throughout the 60's. These documents are filled with beautiful images, illustrations and full specifications. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Speed Queen |
1968 | 8 | 9mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Frigidaire Washer 1968 Top-of-the-Line Models Parts Catalog
Here is the complete parts catalog which includes detailed illustrations of the order of assembled parts, their descriptions and original Frigidaire part numbers. Frigidaire Washer Models include:
WXP, WCDXN, WXN. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Frigidaire |
1968 | 28 | 13mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
KitchenAid Washer Use and Care Guide
Owners manual and operating instructions for KitchenAid Push-Button automatic washer KAWE800T. |
Automatic Washers Published by: KitchenAid |
1988 | 16 | 7mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
1974 Taller Tumbler and Higher Dryer Brochures
Brochures and spec sheets for the 1974 Westinghouse front-control front load washer and matching dryer. See the very first front load washer and dryer with Pedalstals! No the washer/dryer pedalstal was not a 21st invention! |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: Westinghouse |
1974 | 8 | 11mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
The Hot Ones
Very 70's brochure for the Hoover Steam Irons! |
Small Appliances Published by: Hoover |
1975 | 4 | 8mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
|
1960 General Electric Home Laundry Product Man
1960 General Electric Home Laundry Service Manual covering Automatic Washers, Dryers and Combination Washer/Dryers. GE's Product Man Service Manuals were produced monthly to keep service personnel up to date with new products, appliance specifications, appliance service instructions, troubleshooting procedures, older product repair and parts changes, installation instructions, customer complaints and recommendations, testing procedures, tools for repairs, wiring diagrams, timer charts, appliance history and evolution and other important information regarding their appliances. |
Automatic Washers & Dryers Published by: General Electric |
1960 | 48 | 27mb | $5.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Apex Wash-A-Matic 6000 Series Parts List
Here is the parts list to Apex Wash-a-Matic automatic washers made from 1952-1954. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Apex |
1953 | 18 | 11mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
Beautiful Kelvinator Automatic Washer Brochure with Complete Service Manual
Here is an wonderful sales literature brochure for the 1955 Kelvinator automatic washer AW-2. Also included is the complete service manual for this model as well as model AWV. Please note that the mechanical section of this service manual is valid servicing the ABC-o-Matic/Kelvinator/Lenord washers through the mid 1960s. |
Automatic Washers Published by: Kelvinator |
1955 | 38 | 34mb | $4.99 |
|
Add to download cart |
 |
KitchenAid 5 Series Portable Top-Loading Dishwasher Brochure
Beautiful brochure from Hobart highlighting the 5 series portable top-loading dishwashers. |
Dishwashers Published by: KitchenAid |
1971 | 4 | 5mb | $7.99 |
For license and copyright information related to these materials please click here.
Please note that all publications presented here at Automatic Ephemera are on average between 35 and 85 years old. This information is presented as a educational/historical reference on vintage products of the past. Any trademarks or brand names appearing on this site are for nominative use to accurately describe the content contained in these publications. The associated trademarks are the sole property of their registered owners as there is no affiliation between Automatic Ephemera and these companies. No connection to or endorsement by the trademark owners is to be construed.
Please note that all publications presented here at Automatic Ephemera are on average between 35 and 85 years old. This information is presented as a educational/historical reference on vintage products of the past. Any trademarks or brand names appearing on this site are for nominative use to accurately describe the content contained in these publications. The associated trademarks are the sole property of their registered owners as there is no affiliation between Automatic Ephemera and these companies. No connection to or endorsement by the trademark owners is to be construed.